@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:wght@400;500;600;700&family=Manrope:wght@400;500;600;700;800&display=swap');
:root{--ink:#111c2b;--navy:#0a1d32;--green:#c6f36b;--muted:#637180;--line:#dce2e5;--pale:#f3f6f7;--max:1320px;font-family:'DM Sans',Arial,'Malgun Gothic',sans-serif;color:var(--ink);font-size:16px;background:#fff;font-synthesis:none}*{box-sizing:border-box}html{scroll-behavior:smooth;scroll-padding-top:105px}body{margin:0}a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}button{font:inherit}button,a{-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent}a:focus-visible,button:focus-visible,summary:focus-visible{outline:3px solid #46a14e;outline-offset:5px}img{max-width:100%;display:block}p{line-height:1.7;margin:0 0 1em}h1,h2,h3,h4{font-family:'Manrope',Arial,'Malgun Gothic',sans-serif;margin:0;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:-.04em}h1{font-size:clamp(2.8rem,5.4vw,5rem);line-height:1.08}h2{font-size:clamp(2rem,3.6vw,3.25rem);line-height:1.18}h3{font-size:1.4rem;line-height:1.35}h4{font-size:1.1rem;line-height:1.4}.wrap{width:min(var(--max),calc(100% - 96px));margin:auto}.skip{position:absolute;top:-80px;background:var(--green);padding:16px;z-index:100}.skip:focus{top:0}.topline{background:var(--navy);color:#bfcbd6;font-size:.8rem;letter-spacing:.06em;padding:10px 0}.topline .wrap{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:20px}.site-header{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:20;background:#fff;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)}.header-inner{height:94px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:28px}.brand{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:15px;flex-shrink:0}.brand-mark{font-family:Manrope,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:2.25rem;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:-.09em;padding-right:16px;border-right:1px solid var(--line);position:relative}.brand-mark:after{content:'';height:5px;width:27px;background:#6ba946;position:absolute;left:2px;bottom:0}.brand-name{font-size:.8rem;line-height:1.35;font-weight:600}.nav{display:flex;gap:26px;align-items:center}.nav a{font-size:.875rem;padding:36px 0;position:relative}.nav a:hover,.nav a[aria-current=page]{color:#437624}.nav a[aria-current=page]:after{content:'';position:absolute;bottom:23px;left:0;right:0;height:2px;background:#5c913c}.nav .join-link{background:var(--navy);color:white;padding:12px 19px}.nav .join-link:after{display:none}.menu-toggle{display:none;background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--line);padding:10px 14px}.eyebrow{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:.78rem;letter-spacing:.14em;font-weight:600;margin-bottom:22px;display:block}.hero{background:var(--navy);color:#fff;overflow:hidden}.hero-inner{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.05fr 1fr;min-height:580px}.hero-copy{padding:72px 40px 64px 0;position:relative}.hero .eyebrow{color:var(--green)}.hero h1{max-width:680px}.hero h1 span{color:var(--green)}.hero-desc{max-width:470px;color:#c7d2de;margin-top:28px;font-size:1.05rem;line-height:1.7}.hero-actions{display:flex;gap:27px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:35px}.button{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:26px;padding:16px 23px;font-size:.9rem;font-weight:600;background:var(--green);color:var(--navy);border:1px solid transparent;transition:background .2s}.button:hover{background:#dbff9c}.button.dark{background:var(--navy);color:white}.text-link{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:20px;font-size:.9rem;font-weight:500;padding:8px 0;border-bottom:1px solid currentColor}.arrow{font-size:1.2rem;line-height:1}.hero-visual{position:relative;align-self:stretch;margin-right:calc((min(var(--max),100vw - 96px) - 100vw)/2);overflow:hidden;min-height:500px}.hero-visual img{width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover;position:absolute;inset:0}.hero-visual:after{content:'';position:absolute;inset:0;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--navy) 0%,transparent 22%),linear-gradient(0deg,rgba(10,29,50,.55),transparent 45%)}.visual-caption{position:absolute;bottom:32px;left:38px;right:32px;z-index:2;border-top:1px solid #ffffff50;padding-top:18px;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:20px;font-size:.78rem;line-height:1.5;color:#e9f0f6}.research-strip{border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)}.strip-inner{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);padding:29px 0}.strip-item{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:16px;padding:0 30px;border-left:1px solid var(--line)}.strip-item:first-child{padding-left:0;border:0}.strip-item strong{font-size:.96rem;font-weight:500}.strip-item span{font-size:.8rem;color:var(--muted)}.strip-number{font-size:.78rem;color:#649445;align-self:flex-start;padding-top:3px}.section{padding:88px 0}.section-heading{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:flex-end;gap:32px;margin-bottom:44px}.section-heading .eyebrow{color:var(--muted);margin-bottom:16px}.section-heading p{max-width:450px;color:var(--muted);margin:0}.research-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:28px}.research-card{padding:30px;background:var(--pale);display:flex;flex-direction:column;min-height:265px;border-top:3px solid #92b575}.research-card .number{font-size:.85rem;color:#527947;margin-bottom:32px}.research-card h3{max-width:270px;margin-bottom:15px}.research-card p{font-size:.95rem;color:var(--muted);margin-bottom:22px}.research-card .card-footer{margin-top:auto;font-size:.78rem;letter-spacing:.03em;color:#527947}.research-card:nth-child(2){background:#eaf0f3;border-color:#65869a}.research-card:nth-child(3){background:#eff2e9;border-color:#adb975}.paper-section{background:var(--pale)}.paper-row{display:grid;grid-template-columns:170px 1fr 42px;gap:35px;padding:28px 0;border-top:1px solid #cdd7dd;align-items:start}.paper-row:last-child{border-bottom:1px solid #cdd7dd}.paper-journal{font-size:1.05rem;color:#4a6855;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5}.paper-year{font-size:.9rem;font-weight:400;color:var(--muted);display:block;margin-top:7px}.paper-title{font-size:1.15rem;letter-spacing:-.02em;line-height:1.5;font-weight:500}.paper-title a:hover{text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:4px}.paper-authors{font-size:.83rem;color:var(--muted);line-height:1.6;margin:10px 0 0}.paper-arrow{height:40px;width:40px;border:1px solid #cbd4db;display:grid;place-items:center;border-radius:50%}.paper-arrow:hover{background:var(--green);border-color:var(--green)}.people-feature{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.12fr 1fr;gap:70px;align-items:center}.people-feature img{display:block;width:100%;height:auto;aspect-ratio:auto;object-fit:contain}.people-feature p{color:var(--muted);margin:25px 0}.join-section{background:var(--green);padding:64px 0}.join-inner{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;gap:40px}.join-inner h2{font-size:2.5rem}.join-inner p{margin:15px 0 0;color:#35492e;max-width:650px}.site-footer{background:var(--navy);color:#a9b8c7;padding:54px 0 22px}.footer-main{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.6fr 1fr 1fr;gap:40px;margin-bottom:45px;font-size:.88rem}.footer-title{color:#fff;font-family:Manrope,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.3;margin-bottom:16px;letter-spacing:-.03em}.footer-label{display:block;color:white;margin-bottom:14px;font-size:.82rem}.footer-main a{line-height:1.8;overflow-wrap:anywhere}.footer-main a:hover{color:var(--green)}.footer-bottom{border-top:1px solid #ffffff25;padding-top:23px;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:20px;font-size:.75rem}.page-title{background:var(--navy);color:white;padding:67px 0 64px}.page-title .eyebrow{color:var(--green);margin-bottom:20px}.page-title h1{font-size:clamp(2.6rem,5vw,4rem)}.page-title p{max-width:710px;color:#bfccda;margin:22px 0 0}.prose{max-width:840px}.prose p{color:var(--muted)}.research-detail{display:grid;grid-template-columns:90px 1fr 1fr;gap:36px;padding:42px 0;border-top:1px solid var(--line)}.research-detail .research-symbol{font-size:2.5rem;color:#719852;letter-spacing:-.05em}.research-detail p{color:var(--muted);margin:0}.research-detail small{display:block;font-size:.85rem;font-weight:400;color:var(--muted);letter-spacing:0;line-height:1.6;margin-top:18px}.method-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:35px;margin-top:36px}.method-grid article{border-top:2px solid #7c9f62;padding-top:20px}.method-grid p{color:var(--muted);font-size:.95rem;margin-top:14px}.professor-intro{display:grid;grid-template-columns:320px 1fr;gap:65px;align-items:start}.professor-photo{width:100%;aspect-ratio:4/5;object-fit:cover;object-position:center top;background:var(--pale)}.professor-name{font-size:2.8rem}.professor-role{color:#527947;margin-top:10px}.professor-info{color:var(--muted);margin:20px 0 28px;line-height:1.8}.professor-info a{color:var(--ink);text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:4px}.career-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:70px;margin-top:70px}.timeline{margin-top:26px}.timeline-item{border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding:21px 0;display:grid;grid-template-columns:120px 1fr;gap:20px;font-size:.9rem;line-height:1.6}.timeline-item time{font-size:.8rem;color:var(--muted)}.timeline-item strong{font-weight:500;display:block}.timeline-item span{color:var(--muted);font-size:.84rem}.year-nav{display:flex;gap:10px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-bottom:42px}.year-nav a{border:1px solid var(--line);padding:11px 18px;font-size:.88rem}.year-nav a[aria-current=page]{background:var(--navy);color:white;border-color:var(--navy)}.year-nav a:hover{border-color:#527947}.archive-note{font-size:.9rem;color:var(--muted);margin-top:34px}.member-group{margin-bottom:56px}.member-group>h2{font-size:1.65rem;margin-bottom:28px}.members-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:34px 28px}.member img{width:100%;aspect-ratio:4/4.6;object-fit:cover;object-position:top;background:var(--pale)}.member h3{font-size:1.1rem;margin-top:19px}.member .course{font-size:.8rem;color:#547844;margin-top:8px}.member .field{font-size:.84rem;color:var(--muted);margin-top:10px;line-height:1.6}.equipment-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:38px 28px}.equipment img{width:100%;aspect-ratio:4/3;object-fit:contain;background:var(--pale);padding:18px}.equipment h3{font-size:1.08rem;margin-top:18px}.photo-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:45px 30px}.photo-item{margin:0}.photo-item img{width:100%;aspect-ratio:4/3;object-fit:cover}.photo-item figcaption{font-size:1rem;margin-top:16px;line-height:1.5}.photo-item time{display:block;color:var(--muted);font-size:.78rem;margin-bottom:6px}.contact-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.2fr 1fr;gap:80px}.contact-grid h2{font-size:2rem;margin-bottom:22px}.contact-grid p{color:var(--muted)}.contact-details{background:var(--pale);padding:34px}.contact-details a{overflow-wrap:anywhere}.contact-details h3{font-size:1.05rem;margin:0 0 8px}.contact-details p{font-size:.95rem;margin-bottom:28px}.contact-details p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.not-found{text-align:center;padding:100px 24px}.not-found p{margin-top:20px;color:var(--muted)}
@media(min-width:1600px){.hero-visual{margin-right:calc((1320px - 100vw)/2)}}
@media(max-width:1150px){.wrap{width:calc(100% - 64px)}.nav{gap:18px}.brand-name{display:none}.hero-visual{margin-right:-32px}.hero-copy{padding-right:15px}.hero-inner{grid-template-columns:1.1fr 1fr}.hero h1{font-size:4rem}.members-grid{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr)}}
@media(max-width:800px){.wrap{width:calc(100% - 40px)}.topline .wrap span:last-child{display:none}.header-inner{height:78px}.brand-name{display:block}.brand-mark{font-size:2rem}.menu-toggle{display:block}.nav{display:none;position:absolute;top:78px;left:0;right:0;background:white;padding:20px;box-shadow:0 20px 30px #0a1d3215;align-items:stretch;gap:0}.nav.open{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.nav a{padding:14px 8px;font-size:1rem}.nav a[aria-current=page]:after{display:none}.nav .join-link{margin-top:8px}.hero-inner{grid-template-columns:1fr}.hero-copy{padding:52px 0 40px}.hero h1{font-size:clamp(2.9rem,8vw,4rem);max-width:650px}.hero-desc{max-width:600px}.hero-visual{height:340px;min-height:0;margin:0 -20px}.hero-visual img{object-position:center 43%}.hero-visual:after{background:linear-gradient(0deg,rgba(10,29,50,.65),transparent 50%)}.visual-caption{left:20px;right:20px;bottom:22px}.strip-inner{padding:25px 0}.strip-item{padding:0 15px;gap:10px}.strip-item strong{font-size:.86rem}.strip-item span{font-size:.75rem}.strip-number{display:none}.section{padding:60px 0}.section-heading{align-items:flex-start;gap:22px;margin-bottom:32px}.section-heading p{max-width:310px;font-size:.95rem}.research-grid{gap:14px}.research-card{padding:24px 20px}.research-card h3{font-size:1.2rem}.research-card p{font-size:.9rem}.paper-row{grid-template-columns:130px 1fr 36px;gap:20px}.paper-title{font-size:1.05rem}.people-feature{gap:35px}.people-feature h2{font-size:2rem}.join-inner{gap:28px}.join-inner h2{font-size:2rem}.join-inner .button{flex-shrink:0}.footer-main{grid-template-columns:1.4fr 1fr;gap:30px}.footer-main>div:last-child{grid-column:1/-1}.professor-intro{grid-template-columns:230px 1fr;gap:35px}.professor-name{font-size:2.2rem}.career-grid{gap:35px}.timeline-item{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:6px}.research-detail{grid-template-columns:65px 1fr;gap:20px}.research-detail p{grid-column:2}.equipment-grid{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr)}.contact-grid{gap:35px}}
@media(max-width:560px){.brand-name{font-size:.7rem}.topline{font-size:.7rem}.hero-copy{padding-top:42px}.hero h1{font-size:clamp(2.15rem,8.8vw,2.9rem)}.hero-desc{font-size:1rem}.hero-visual{height:290px}.hero-actions{gap:20px}.strip-inner{grid-template-columns:1fr;padding:6px 0}.strip-item,.strip-item:first-child{border:0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);padding:15px 0;justify-content:space-between}.strip-item:last-child{border:0}.strip-item>div{display:flex;gap:12px;align-items:center;width:100%;justify-content:space-between}.strip-item strong{font-size:.9rem}.strip-item span{font-size:.78rem}.section-heading{flex-direction:column}.section-heading p{max-width:none}.research-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}.research-card{min-height:0;padding:26px}.research-card .number{margin-bottom:20px}.research-card h3{font-size:1.45rem;max-width:none}.research-card p{font-size:1rem}.paper-row{grid-template-columns:1fr 35px;gap:12px;padding:25px 0}.paper-journal{grid-column:1/-1}.paper-year{display:inline;margin-left:12px}.paper-title{font-size:1.08rem}.paper-authors{font-size:.82rem}.paper-arrow{width:34px;height:34px}.people-feature{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:30px}.people-feature img{aspect-ratio:auto}.join-inner{flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start}.join-inner h2{font-size:2rem}.footer-main{grid-template-columns:1fr}.footer-main>div:last-child{grid-column:auto}.footer-bottom{flex-direction:column;gap:12px;line-height:1.5}.page-title{padding:45px 0}.page-title h1{font-size:2.8rem}.professor-intro{grid-template-columns:1fr}.professor-photo{max-width:310px}.career-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:40px;margin-top:45px}.timeline-item{grid-template-columns:100px 1fr;gap:15px}.members-grid{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr);gap:28px 18px}.member h3{font-size:1rem}.member .course{font-size:.78rem}.member .field{font-size:.82rem}.photo-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:30px}.equipment-grid{gap:28px 18px}.equipment img{padding:8px}.equipment h3{font-size:1rem}.method-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:25px}.research-detail{grid-template-columns:48px 1fr;gap:16px}.research-detail .research-symbol{font-size:1.8rem}.research-detail h2{font-size:1.7rem}.contact-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}.contact-details{padding:27px}.year-nav{gap:8px}.year-nav a{padding:10px 14px}}
.people-feature .photo-credit{font-size:.78rem;margin:12px 0 0;color:var(--muted)}.member-email{font-size:.85rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);padding-bottom:3px}.strip-item br{display:none}.strip-item>div>span{display:block;margin-top:3px}
@media(prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){html{scroll-behavior:auto}*{transition:none!important}}

/* Preserve the generated battery composition across hero sizes. */
.hero-visual img{object-position:62% center}
@media(max-width:800px){.hero-visual img{object-fit:contain;object-position:center}}

/* Korean copy complements the English headings on the homepage. */
[lang="ko"]{word-break:keep-all;overflow-wrap:break-word;letter-spacing:-.025em}
.hero .hero-ko{font-size:clamp(1.15rem,1.65vw,1.5rem);line-height:1.6;font-weight:500;color:#eef5fc;margin:27px 0 0}
.hero-ko+.hero-desc{margin-top:18px;font-size:1rem}
.research-card h3{margin-bottom:8px}
.card-name-ko{font-size:.95rem;font-weight:600;margin-bottom:19px;color:#47633c}
.strip-item [lang="ko"]{font-size:.875rem}
.section-heading>p[lang="ko"],.people-feature p[lang="ko"],.join-inner p[lang="ko"]{line-height:1.9}
@media(max-width:560px){.hero .hero-ko{font-size:1.15rem;margin-top:23px}.hero-ko+.hero-desc{font-size:.95rem}.strip-item>div{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:5px 14px}.strip-item [lang="ko"]{font-size:.875rem}}

/* Original ESRL battery-firefly identity. */
.firefly-mark{display:block;width:64px;height:64px;flex-shrink:0;overflow:hidden;border-radius:12px;background:#080b1a}
.firefly-mark img{display:block;width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover;transform:scale(1.58)}
.brand-name-ko{display:block;font-size:.75rem;font-weight:400;color:var(--muted);margin-top:5px}
.footer-brand{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:18px;margin-bottom:19px}
.footer-brand .footer-title{margin-bottom:0}
.footer-firefly{width:80px;height:80px;border-radius:14px}
@media(max-width:800px){.firefly-mark{width:54px;height:54px;border-radius:10px}.footer-firefly{width:72px;height:72px}}
@media(max-width:560px){.brand{gap:11px}.brand-name-ko{font-size:.75rem}.footer-brand{gap:15px}}

/* ESRL wordmark and original firefly sit together beside the lab name. */
.brand-lockup{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:12px;padding-right:18px;border-right:1px solid var(--line)}
.brand-lockup .brand-mark{padding-right:0;border-right:0}
.brand-lockup .header-firefly{width:48px;height:48px;border-radius:9px}
/* A prominent bilingual recruitment link within the first screen. */
.hero .hero-recruit{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:18px;margin:26px 0 0;padding:18px 20px;background:#142b3a;border:1px solid var(--green);border-left:4px solid var(--green);border-radius:4px;color:#fff;max-width:540px;transition:background .2s}
.hero-recruit:hover{background:#203b43}
.hero-recruit-title{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:baseline;gap:6px 12px;color:var(--green);font-size:1.2rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.4}
.hero-recruit-title>span[lang="en"]{font-size:.9rem;font-weight:600}
.hero-recruit-audience{display:block;margin-top:8px;font-size:.9rem;line-height:1.6}
.hero-recruit-audience-en{display:block;margin-top:3px;font-size:.78rem;line-height:1.6;color:#c9d8df}
.hero-recruit-arrow{font-size:1.65rem;color:var(--green);flex-shrink:0}
.hero-recruit:focus-visible{outline-color:var(--green)}
.join-inner .join-en{font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.75;margin-top:17px}
.join-section-cta{flex-shrink:0;min-width:215px}
.join-section-cta small{display:block;font-size:.78rem;font-weight:400;margin-top:5px;color:#d0ddd2}
.join-section-cta:hover{background:#203b43}
.contact-grid .recruit-highlight{font-size:1.1rem;font-weight:600;color:var(--ink);line-height:1.8;padding:17px 0;border-top:1px solid var(--line);border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);margin:25px 0}
@media(max-width:560px){.header-inner{gap:12px}.brand-lockup{gap:8px;padding-right:10px}.brand-lockup .header-firefly{width:34px;height:34px;border-radius:7px}.brand-lockup .brand-mark{font-size:1.9rem}.brand{gap:10px}.hero .hero-recruit{padding:16px;gap:12px}.hero-recruit-audience{font-size:.85rem}.hero-recruit-audience-en{font-size:.75rem}.join-section{padding:44px 0}.join-section-cta{width:100%}}
@media(max-width:380px){.site-header .brand-name{display:none}}

/* Research illustrations and the connected experimental/computational approach. */
.research-detail.illustrated{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1.15fr) minmax(0,1fr);align-items:center;gap:56px;padding:50px 0}
.research-detail.illustrated:first-child{border-top:0;padding-top:0}
.research-figure{margin:0;min-width:0}
.research-figure img{display:block;width:100%;height:auto;border-radius:14px}
.research-figure figcaption{font-size:.875rem;color:var(--muted);line-height:1.7;margin-top:12px}
.research-figure figcaption span{white-space:nowrap;color:#71808a}
.research-explanation h2{font-size:2.2rem;margin:15px 0 22px}
.research-explanation .research-summary-ko{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.8;color:#477139;margin-top:20px}
.research-flow{margin:36px 0 48px;background:var(--navy);color:white;padding:34px;border-radius:14px}
.flow-nodes{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr));gap:28px}
.flow-nodes>div{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;text-align:center;position:relative}
.flow-label{font-size:.8rem;color:#b5c7d3;letter-spacing:.1em}
.flow-nodes svg{width:160px;height:80px;margin:24px 0;color:var(--green)}
.flow-nodes>div+div:before{content:'↔';position:absolute;left:-24px;top:72px;color:#9bb88a;font-size:1.5rem}
.flow-nodes strong{font-size:1.05rem;margin-bottom:7px}
.flow-nodes [lang="ko"]{font-size:.9rem;color:#c5d3dd}
.research-flow figcaption{margin-top:30px;padding-top:22px;border-top:1px solid #476074;color:#dae4ec;font-size:.95rem;text-align:center;line-height:1.8}
@media(max-width:1000px){.research-detail.illustrated{gap:32px}.research-explanation h2{font-size:1.85rem}}
@media(max-width:800px){.research-detail.illustrated{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:24px}.research-detail.illustrated p{grid-column:auto}.research-flow{padding:28px 20px}.flow-nodes{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:34px}.flow-nodes>div+div:before{content:'↕';left:calc(50% - 8px);top:-31px}.flow-nodes svg{margin:14px 0;width:130px;height:65px}.research-explanation h2{margin-top:10px}.research-figure figcaption{font-size:.875rem}}

/* Published ESRL research: retain complete panels, scale bars and legends. */
.research-detail.illustrated{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1.4fr) minmax(0,1fr)}
.paper-figure .figure-zoom{display:block;background:white;border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:10px;padding:18px;transition:border-color .2s}
.paper-figure .figure-zoom:hover{border-color:#789c61}
.paper-figure img{border-radius:0;object-fit:contain;width:100%;height:auto}
.figure-zoom-label{display:block;text-align:right;color:#567244;font-size:.875rem;margin-top:12px}
.paper-figure figcaption{padding:2px 4px}
.paper-figure figcaption strong{display:block;color:var(--ink);font-size:.95rem;font-weight:500;line-height:1.8}
.figure-source{display:block;font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.65;margin-top:6px;color:var(--muted);text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:3px}
.flow-nodes .flow-label{margin-bottom:22px}
.flow-nodes>div+div:before{top:30px}
@media(max-width:800px){.research-detail.illustrated{grid-template-columns:1fr}.paper-figure .figure-zoom{padding:10px}.flow-nodes>div+div:before{top:-31px}.flow-nodes .flow-label{margin-bottom:12px}}

/* A panoramic visual connects prediction, atomic design and experiments. */
.research-flow{padding:0;overflow:hidden;background:#0a1d32}
.research-flow-art{display:block;width:100%;height:auto;object-fit:contain}
.research-flow .flow-nodes{padding:30px 34px 26px}
.research-flow figcaption{margin:0 34px;padding:22px 0 25px}
.research-flow figcaption small{display:block;font-size:.8rem;color:#a5b8c6;margin-top:8px}
@media(max-width:800px){.research-flow .flow-nodes{padding:26px 20px}.research-flow figcaption{margin:0 20px;padding-bottom:24px}}

/* A wider landscape composition for the connected AI-to-EV story. */
.hero-visual{align-self:center;min-height:0;height:auto;aspect-ratio:auto}
.hero-visual img{position:relative;inset:auto;width:100%;height:auto;object-fit:contain;object-position:center;background:#0a1d32}
.hero-visual:after{background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--navy),transparent 12%);pointer-events:none}
.visual-caption{position:relative;bottom:auto;left:auto;right:auto;margin:0 28px 24px;padding-top:18px}
@media(min-width:801px){.hero-inner{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,.9fr) minmax(0,1.25fr)}.hero-copy{padding-right:28px}.hero h1{font-size:clamp(2.8rem,4.4vw,4.25rem)}}
@media(max-width:800px){.hero-visual{height:auto;min-height:0;aspect-ratio:auto}.hero-visual:after{display:none}.visual-caption{margin:0 20px 24px;font-size:.7rem;gap:12px}}

/* Click-to-open section navigation, shared by desktop and mobile. */
.nav-group{position:relative}
.nav-group summary{list-style:none;cursor:pointer;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:7px;padding:36px 0;font-size:.875rem;border-bottom:2px solid transparent}
.nav-group summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none}
.nav-group summary>span{font-size:1rem;transition:transform .2s}
.nav-group[open] summary>span{transform:rotate(180deg)}
.nav-group.active summary,.nav-group summary:hover{color:#437624}
.nav-group.active summary{border-bottom-color:#5c913c}
.nav-group summary:focus-visible{outline:3px solid #46a14e;outline-offset:5px}
.nav-submenu{position:absolute;top:calc(100% - 8px);left:-22px;min-width:260px;padding:12px;background:white;border:1px solid var(--line);box-shadow:0 15px 35px #0a1d3220;border-radius:8px;z-index:30}
.nav .nav-submenu a{display:block;padding:12px 14px;border-radius:4px;font-size:.875rem;white-space:nowrap}
.nav .nav-submenu a:hover,.nav .nav-submenu a[aria-current=page]{background:#f0f6e8;color:#365d23}
.nav .nav-submenu a:after{display:none}
.publication-menu{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);min-width:330px;left:auto;right:-35px;gap:4px}
.year-nav a[aria-current=page]{background:var(--navy);color:white;border-color:var(--navy)}
.publication-year+.publication-year{margin-top:70px}
.paper-count{display:block;font-size:.9rem;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:0;color:var(--muted);margin-top:10px}
.publication-note{color:var(--muted);font-size:.875rem;margin:10px 0 24px;line-height:1.7}
.alumni-degree-ko{font-size:1rem;letter-spacing:0;color:var(--muted);font-weight:400;margin-left:12px}
.alumni-organization{font-size:.95rem;margin:10px 0;color:#437624;font-weight:500}
@media(max-width:800px){.nav-group summary{padding:14px 8px;justify-content:space-between}.nav-group.active summary{border-bottom:0}.nav-submenu{position:static;min-width:0;margin:0 0 10px;border:0;box-shadow:none;background:var(--pale);padding:8px}.publication-menu{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr));gap:0}.nav .nav-submenu a{padding:12px 10px;font-size:.85rem}.people-tabs{gap:8px}.people-tabs a{font-size:.85rem}.publication-year+.publication-year{margin-top:48px}}

/* Searchable publication library. */
.publication-metrics{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);border-block:1px solid var(--line);padding:28px 0;gap:24px}
.publication-metrics>div,.publication-metrics>a{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:9px}
.publication-metrics strong{font-family:Manrope,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:2.5rem;letter-spacing:-.04em;color:var(--navy)}
.publication-metrics span{font-size:.8rem;color:var(--muted);line-height:1.5}
.metrics-date{font-size:.8rem;color:var(--muted);margin:15px 0 8px}.metrics-date a{text-decoration:underline}
.recent-metrics{font-size:.8rem;color:var(--muted);margin-bottom:35px}.recent-metrics summary{cursor:pointer}.recent-metrics p{margin-top:12px}
.pub-filters{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,2fr) minmax(120px,.65fr) minmax(0,1.2fr);gap:20px;padding:28px;background:var(--pale);border-radius:10px}
.pub-filters label{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:10px;font-size:.73rem;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:.04em;min-width:0}
.pub-filters input,.pub-filters select{width:100%;min-width:0;padding:13px 12px;background:white;color:var(--ink);border:1px solid #bdc9d2;border-radius:4px;font:400 .9rem 'DM Sans',Arial,'Malgun Gothic',sans-serif;letter-spacing:0;min-height:47px}
.pub-filters input:focus,.pub-filters select:focus{outline:2px solid #629d44;outline-offset:2px}
.keyword-filters{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin:22px 0 10px}.keyword-filter{padding:9px 13px;border:1px solid #cdd8df;border-radius:20px;background:white;color:var(--ink);font-size:.78rem;cursor:pointer}.keyword-filter[aria-pressed=true]{background:var(--navy);border-color:var(--navy);color:var(--green)}
.keyword-help{font-size:.78rem;color:var(--muted)}.publication-results{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:20px;margin:30px 0 12px}.publication-results p{margin:0;font-weight:600}.publication-results button{cursor:pointer;border:0;background:none;text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:4px;font-size:.85rem}.publication-legend{font-size:.8rem;color:var(--muted);margin-bottom:25px}
.publication-cards{display:grid;gap:22px}.publication-card{padding:30px 32px;border:1px solid var(--line);border-left:3px solid #88aa6d;border-radius:8px;background:white}.publication-card[hidden]{display:none}.publication-card-top{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:20px;font-size:.82rem;color:#52713b;margin-bottom:16px}.publication-card-top>span:last-child{font-weight:600;white-space:nowrap}.publication-card h3{font-size:1.4rem;line-height:1.45;letter-spacing:-.025em;max-width:1020px}.publication-card h3 a:hover{text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:4px}.publication-authors{font-size:.88rem;line-height:1.8;color:var(--muted);margin:14px 0}.publication-tags{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:7px;margin:16px 0}.publication-tags span{font-size:.72rem;padding:5px 9px;background:#f0f5ea;color:#536e40;border-radius:3px}.publication-links,.citation-actions{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:12px 23px;align-items:center}.publication-links a,.publication-links button,.citation-actions button{font:500 .82rem 'DM Sans',Arial,'Malgun Gothic',sans-serif;border:0;background:none;padding:7px 0;cursor:pointer;text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:4px;color:var(--navy)}
.citation-details{border-top:1px solid var(--line);margin-top:19px;padding-top:17px}.citation-details summary{font-size:.8rem;color:var(--muted);cursor:pointer}.citation-text{margin:20px 0;font-size:.85rem;color:var(--muted)}.bibtex-text{white-space:pre-wrap;overflow-wrap:anywhere;font-size:.78rem;line-height:1.7;background:var(--pale);padding:20px;border-radius:6px}.publication-empty{padding:40px 20px;border:1px dashed #c6d0d7;text-align:center;color:var(--muted);line-height:1.8}.copy-feedback{font-size:.85rem;color:#437624;min-height:24px;margin-top:18px}
@media(max-width:800px){.publication-metrics{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr);gap:25px}.publication-metrics strong{font-size:2.1rem}.pub-filters{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;padding:20px;gap:16px}.pub-filters label:first-child{grid-column:1/-1}.publication-card{padding:24px 20px}.publication-card h3{font-size:1.2rem}.publication-card-top{font-size:.76rem}.publication-metrics span{font-size:.75rem}}
@media(max-width:420px){.pub-filters{grid-template-columns:1fr}.pub-filters label:first-child{grid-column:auto}.publication-results{align-items:flex-start}.publication-results p{font-size:.9rem}.publication-results button{font-size:.75rem}.keyword-filter{font-size:.73rem}.publication-links{gap:10px 18px}}

/* ESRL's identity is grounded in cathodes and solid electrolytes. */
.hero-ai-note{color:var(--green);font-size:.9rem;line-height:1.7;margin-top:18px;max-width:470px}
.core-grid{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr));gap:30px}
.core-card{padding:36px;min-height:340px;border-top-width:4px}
.core-card h3{font-size:2rem;max-width:none}.core-card .number{margin-bottom:32px;letter-spacing:.08em;font-size:.73rem}.core-card .core-en{color:var(--muted);font-size:.9rem;line-height:1.7;display:block;margin-bottom:28px}.core-card .card-footer{font-size:.72rem;line-height:1.7}
.core-connection{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:center;align-items:center;gap:18px 28px;padding:25px 20px;background:var(--navy);color:white;font-size:.85rem;margin-top:24px}.core-connection b{color:var(--green);font-weight:400}
.research-pillars{padding-bottom:20px}.research-detail{position:relative}.section-anchor{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;scroll-margin-top:130px}
.publication-title{background:var(--navy);color:#fff;padding:64px 0 70px}.publication-title .wrap{background:url('/assets/esrl-firefly-logo.png') no-repeat right center;background-size:140px;padding-right:180px}.publication-title .eyebrow{color:var(--green)}.publication-title h1{font-size:clamp(2.6rem,4.6vw,4.25rem);line-height:1.12;max-width:850px}.publication-title p{color:#c7d5df;max-width:750px}
.publication-metrics{border-top:0;background:#f0f4ed;padding:28px 30px;gap:24px;border-bottom:3px solid #7b9f5f}.publication-metrics strong{font-size:2.2rem}
.publication-layout{display:grid;grid-template-columns:270px minmax(0,1fr);gap:44px;align-items:start}
.publication-sidebar{position:sticky;top:125px;background:var(--pale);padding:24px;border-top:3px solid var(--navy)}.publication-sidebar>.eyebrow{font-size:.7rem;line-height:1.9;letter-spacing:.08em}.publication-sidebar .pub-filters{display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding:0;border-radius:0;gap:20px}.publication-sidebar .keyword-filters{gap:7px}.publication-sidebar .keyword-filter{font-size:.72rem;padding:7px 10px;text-align:left}.publication-sidebar .keyword-help{font-size:.72rem;line-height:1.7;margin-bottom:0}
.publication-records{min-width:0}.publication-results{margin-top:0}.publication-cards{gap:0}.publication-card{position:relative;border:0;border-top:1px solid #cdd7dd;border-radius:0;padding:30px 0 30px 55px;background:none}.publication-card:last-child{border-bottom:1px solid #cdd7dd}.publication-number{position:absolute;left:0;top:32px;font-family:Manrope,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1.05rem;font-weight:600;line-height:1.4;color:#52713b;letter-spacing:.03em}.publication-card-top{font-size:1rem;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5}.publication-card-top>span:last-child{color:var(--navy)}.publication-card h3{font-size:1.25rem}.publication-card .citation-details{border-top:0;margin-top:10px;padding-top:8px}.publication-tags{margin:12px 0}.publication-tags span{background:transparent;padding:0 12px 0 0;border-right:1px solid #cdd7dd;margin-right:5px;border-radius:0}.publication-tags span:last-child{border:0}
@media(max-width:1000px){.publication-layout{grid-template-columns:230px minmax(0,1fr);gap:28px}.publication-sidebar{padding:20px}.publication-card{padding-left:40px}.publication-card h3{font-size:1.1rem}.publication-title .wrap{background-size:100px;padding-right:130px}}
@media(max-width:800px){.core-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:20px}.core-card{padding:28px;min-height:0}.core-card h3{font-size:1.7rem}.core-connection{font-size:.75rem;gap:12px}.publication-layout{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:28px}.publication-sidebar{position:static;top:auto}.publication-sidebar .pub-filters{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}.publication-title{padding:42px 0}.publication-title .wrap{background:none;padding-right:0}.publication-metrics{padding:22px}.publication-card{padding:25px 0 25px 45px}.publication-number{top:28px;font-size:1rem}.publication-card h3{font-size:1.15rem}.publication-title p{font-size:.95rem}}
@media(max-width:420px){.publication-sidebar .pub-filters{grid-template-columns:1fr}.core-connection b{display:none}.core-connection{flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start}.hero-ai-note{font-size:.85rem}}
.journal-metrics-guide{margin:22px 0 30px;padding:15px 18px;border-left:3px solid #7b9f5f;background:#f5f7f3;font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.7}.journal-metrics-guide summary{cursor:pointer;color:var(--navy);font-weight:600}.journal-metrics-guide p{max-width:1000px;margin:14px 0 0}.journal-metrics{margin:16px 0}.journal-metrics summary{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;gap:8px;cursor:pointer;list-style:none}.journal-metrics summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none}.journal-metrics summary:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--navy);outline-offset:5px}.journal-if,.journal-top{padding:7px 12px;font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.3;border-radius:3px}.journal-if{background:var(--navy);color:#fff}.journal-top{background:#e7efde;color:#263e1b}.journal-metric-year{color:#596775;font-size:.8125rem;padding:4px}.journal-metric-toggle{font-size:.8125rem;color:#596775;margin-left:4px}.journal-metric-toggle:after{content:' +';font-weight:700}.journal-metrics[open] .journal-metric-toggle:after{content:' −'}.journal-metric-detail{background:#f5f7f8;padding:18px 20px;margin-top:12px;font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.6;border-left:2px solid #819374}.journal-metric-detail p{margin:0 0 12px}.journal-metric-detail p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.journal-metric-detail ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:15px 0}.journal-metric-detail li{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:space-between;gap:6px 20px;padding:7px 0;border-top:1px solid #dce2e5}.journal-metric-detail li>span:last-child{white-space:nowrap}.journal-metric-sources a{text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:3px}@media(max-width:600px){.journal-metric-detail{padding:15px}.journal-metric-toggle{flex-basis:100%;margin:2px 0}.journal-metric-detail li{display:block}.journal-metric-detail li>span{display:block}}

/* Complete Lab life archive and photo viewer. */
.life-overview{display:flex;align-items:baseline;justify-content:space-between;gap:20px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);padding-bottom:22px;margin-bottom:35px}.life-overview p{margin:0;font-size:1rem}.life-overview strong{font-size:1.8rem;font-family:Manrope,Arial,sans-serif}.life-overview>span{color:var(--muted);font-size:.85rem}.album-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr));gap:46px 28px}.album-cover{display:block;position:relative;overflow:hidden;background:var(--pale)}.album-cover img{width:100%;aspect-ratio:4/3;object-fit:cover;transition:transform .3s}.album-cover:hover img{transform:scale(1.025)}.album-count{position:absolute;right:12px;bottom:12px;display:flex;gap:20px;align-items:center;background:var(--navy);color:white;padding:9px 12px;font-size:.75rem}.album-card-copy{padding-top:18px}.album-card time{font-size:.8rem;color:#527947;letter-spacing:.03em}.album-card h2{font-size:1.35rem;line-height:1.4;letter-spacing:-.03em;margin-top:8px}.album-card h2 a:hover{text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:5px}.album-card p{font-size:.85rem;color:var(--muted);line-height:1.6;margin:8px 0 0}.album-toolbar{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;gap:25px;margin-bottom:38px}.album-toolbar p{font-size:.85rem;color:var(--muted);margin:0}.album-photos{align-items:start}.album-photos .photo-item img{height:auto;aspect-ratio:auto;object-fit:contain}.photo-open{display:block;position:relative;background:var(--pale)}.photo-zoom{position:absolute;right:12px;bottom:12px;background:rgba(10,29,50,.88);color:white;font-size:.75rem;padding:8px 12px}.album-photos figcaption{margin-top:10px;font-size:.75rem;color:var(--muted)}.photo-dialog{width:min(1400px,96vw);max-width:96vw;max-height:96dvh;padding:0;border:0;background:var(--navy);color:white;overflow:auto}.photo-dialog::backdrop{background:rgba(2,10,17,.92)}.photo-dialog-shell{padding:18px 24px}.photo-dialog-top{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;gap:20px;margin-bottom:16px}.photo-dialog-top p{margin:0;font-size:.85rem;line-height:1.5}.photo-dialog button{background:transparent;color:white;border:1px solid #ffffff50;cursor:pointer;min-width:44px;min-height:44px;padding:8px 12px}.photo-dialog button:hover{background:#ffffff20}.photo-dialog-stage{display:grid;grid-template-columns:44px minmax(0,1fr) 44px;align-items:center;gap:15px}.photo-dialog-stage img{width:100%;height:76dvh;object-fit:contain}.photo-dialog-stage button{font-size:1.8rem;padding:0}.photo-dialog-hint{font-size:.75rem;color:#bdcbd8;text-align:center;margin:14px 0 0}.photo-dialog-open{overflow:hidden}@media(max-width:1000px){.album-grid{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr))}}@media(max-width:600px){.album-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:34px}.life-overview{align-items:flex-start;flex-direction:column;gap:6px}.album-toolbar{align-items:flex-start;flex-direction:column;gap:14px}.photo-dialog-shell{padding:12px}.photo-dialog-top{align-items:flex-start;gap:12px}.photo-dialog-top p{font-size:.75rem}.photo-dialog-top button{font-size:.75rem;white-space:nowrap}.photo-dialog-stage{grid-template-columns:36px minmax(0,1fr) 36px;gap:5px}.photo-dialog-stage button{min-width:36px}.photo-dialog-stage img{height:66dvh}}
.photo-dialog-stage.single-photo{grid-template-columns:1fr}
@media(prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.album-cover img{transition:none}}